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Small Group Research
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Time, Change, and Development

The Temporal Perspective on Groups

Holly Arrow

University of Oregon, harrow{at}darkwing.uoregon.edu

Marshall Scott Poole

Texas A&M University

Kelly Bouas Henry

Missouri Western State College

Susan Wheelan

GDQ Associates, Inc.

Richard Moreland

University of Pittsburgh

This article reviews literature that takes a temporal perspective on groups, focusing particularly on the theories that guide such work. The temporal perspective is a process-focused view that treats groups as systems in which change occurs across multiple time scales. The review is organized around six themes that have been especially generative: (a) Time is socially constructed; (b) time is a resource; (c) time is a fundamental issue for theory and research; (d) groups change systematically over time; (e) group processes have temporal patterns; and (f) groups are complex systems characterized by nonlinear dynamics. The article closes by identifying the need for continued theory development and testing to better integrate the disparate theories and findings found in literature inspired by the temporal perspective.

Key Words: small groups • group development • complex systems • time • change

Small Group Research, Vol. 35, No. 1, 73-105 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/1046496403259757
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